Facebook should start automatically updating their information after a few days. However, they prioritize updates by how frequently your page is viewed and shared. If your site is brand new, it's very possible to take a week (or more) for the pages to be re-crawled by Facebook. The Debug Tool, again, should update specific pages for you that are key to get right, now.
As for the description length, you'd need to create a new Open Graph Object for the Joomla category (or parent category) that you want a longer description. Give the "type" a value of "article", call it a Built-In Facebook object. Those are good default values. Then, on the right side, you can change the automatic Open Graph settings for image and description length for each item in those categories.
Hope that helps, but if you need more help, just let us know,
Alex